/* volumetricbuilding.com — design tokens & layout */
:root{
  --ink:#14181f;
  --ink-2:#3b424d;
  --ink-3:#6b7280;
  --rule:#d9d5cc;
  --paper:#f6f3ec;
  --paper-2:#ede8dd;
  --white:#ffffff;
  --accent:#c8501c;        /* oxide orange — steel/site marking */
  --accent-2:#1f4e79;      /* structural blue */
  --max:1180px;
  --measure:70ch;
  --serif:"Newsreader",Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;
  --sans:"Inter",system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,sans-serif;
  --mono:"JetBrains Mono",ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,monospace;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box}
html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;scroll-behavior:smooth}
body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--sans);font-size:17px;line-height:1.6;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration-color:rgba(200,80,28,.55);text-underline-offset:3px}
a:hover{color:var(--accent)}
h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:500;line-height:1.12;letter-spacing:-.01em;margin:0 0 .5em}
h1{font-size:clamp(2.2rem,5vw,3.6rem)}
h2{font-size:clamp(1.6rem,3vw,2.2rem)}
h3{font-size:1.35rem}
p{margin:0 0 1.2em}
.wrap{max-width:var(--max);margin:0 auto;padding:0 clamp(18px,4vw,40px)}
.eyebrow{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--accent);margin:0 0 .9em}
.muted{color:var(--ink-3)}
.sr{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0)}

/* header */
.topbar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--paper)}
.topbar .wrap{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;height:64px}
.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;text-decoration:none;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.brand svg{width:26px;height:26px;flex:none}
.brand small{font-family:var(--mono);font-weight:400;font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);margin-left:6px}
nav.primary{display:flex;gap:26px;font-size:.92rem}
nav.primary a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink-2)}
nav.primary a[aria-current]{color:var(--ink);font-weight:600}
nav.primary a:hover{color:var(--accent)}
.nav-toggle{display:none;background:none;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;padding:6px 10px;font:inherit;font-size:.85rem}
@media (max-width:760px){
  .nav-toggle{display:block}
  nav.primary{display:none;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:64px;background:var(--paper);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);flex-direction:column;gap:0;padding:8px 0;z-index:20}
  nav.primary.open{display:flex}
  nav.primary a{padding:12px clamp(18px,4vw,40px)}
  .topbar{position:relative}
}
.ticker{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.05em}
.ticker .wrap{display:flex;gap:32px;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap;height:34px;align-items:center;scrollbar-width:none}
.ticker .wrap::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}
.ticker b{color:#f0a36f;font-weight:600}

/* hero */
.hero{padding:clamp(48px,8vw,104px) 0 clamp(40px,6vw,72px);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}
.hero .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.25fr .75fr;gap:clamp(24px,5vw,72px);align-items:end}
.hero h1{max-width:16ch}
.hero .lede{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(1.15rem,1.8vw,1.4rem);line-height:1.45;color:var(--ink-2);max-width:52ch}
.hero .side{border-left:2px solid var(--accent);padding-left:20px;font-size:.95rem;color:var(--ink-2)}
.hero .side strong{display:block;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.15rem;color:var(--ink);margin-bottom:6px}
@media (max-width:820px){.hero .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}

/* stat band */
.stats{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:10px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--white);margin:clamp(32px,5vw,56px) 0}
.stat{padding:22px 22px 20px;border-right:1px solid var(--rule)}
.stat:last-child{border-right:0}
.stat .n{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:2.1rem;line-height:1;letter-spacing:-.02em;color:var(--ink)}
.stat .n sup{font-size:.9rem;color:var(--accent);vertical-align:top;top:.2em;position:relative}
.stat .l{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--ink-2);margin-top:8px;line-height:1.4}
.stat .s{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.66rem;color:var(--ink-3);margin-top:8px;letter-spacing:.04em}
@media (max-width:820px){.stats{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.stat:nth-child(2){border-right:0}.stat:nth-child(-n+2){border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}}

/* section */
.section{padding:clamp(40px,6vw,80px) 0}
.section-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:20px;margin-bottom:28px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding-bottom:14px}
.section-head h2{margin:0}
.section-head a{font-size:.9rem;white-space:nowrap}

/* article cards */
.cards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:clamp(18px,2.5vw,30px)}
@media (max-width:900px){.cards{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}
@media (max-width:600px){.cards{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
.card{background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:10px;padding:24px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:10px;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;transition:transform .15s,border-color .15s}
.card:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);border-color:var(--accent);color:inherit}
.card .num{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;color:var(--ink-3);letter-spacing:.1em}
.card h3{margin:0;font-size:1.3rem}
.card p{margin:0;font-size:.93rem;color:var(--ink-2);flex:1}
.card .meta{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;color:var(--ink-3);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase}
.card.feature{grid-column:1 / -1;background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);border-color:var(--ink);display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-areas:"num num" "title desc" "meta desc";column-gap:40px;align-items:start}
.card.feature .num{grid-area:num}.card.feature h3{grid-area:title;font-size:1.9rem;max-width:22ch}.card.feature p{grid-area:desc;font-size:1rem}.card.feature .meta{grid-area:meta;align-self:end}
@media (max-width:760px){.card.feature{display:flex}}
.card.feature p,.card.feature .meta,.card.feature .num{color:#c9c3b6}
.card.feature:hover{color:var(--paper)}
@media (max-width:600px){.card.feature{grid-column:span 1}}

/* editorial thesis block */
.thesis{background:var(--paper-2);border-top:1px solid var(--rule);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}
.thesis .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:clamp(24px,5vw,72px)}
.thesis h2{max-width:20ch}
.thesis ol{counter-reset:t;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}
.thesis li{counter-increment:t;position:relative;padding-left:46px;margin-bottom:22px;font-size:1rem;color:var(--ink-2)}
.thesis li::before{content:counter(t,decimal-leading-zero);position:absolute;left:0;top:2px;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.8rem;color:var(--accent)}
.thesis li strong{color:var(--ink);display:block;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.15rem;margin-bottom:3px}
@media (max-width:820px){.thesis .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}

/* newsletter */
.signup{background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);border-radius:12px;padding:clamp(28px,4vw,48px);display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.1fr .9fr;gap:32px;align-items:center}
.signup h2{color:var(--white);margin-bottom:.3em}
.signup p{color:#c9c3b6;margin:0}
.signup form{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.signup input[type=email]{flex:1;min-width:220px;padding:13px 16px;border:1px solid #3b424d;border-radius:8px;background:#1f252e;color:var(--white);font:inherit;font-size:.95rem}
.signup input::placeholder{color:#8a919c}
.btn{display:inline-block;padding:13px 20px;border-radius:8px;border:0;background:var(--accent);color:var(--white);font:inherit;font-size:.95rem;font-weight:600;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none}
.btn:hover{background:#a9421a;color:var(--white)}
.btn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--rule);color:var(--ink)}
.btn.ghost:hover{border-color:var(--accent);color:var(--accent);background:transparent}
.signup small{display:block;margin-top:10px;color:#8a919c;font-size:.78rem}
@media (max-width:820px){.signup{grid-template-columns:1fr}}

/* footer */
footer{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);margin-top:clamp(40px,6vw,80px);padding:40px 0 48px;font-size:.88rem;color:var(--ink-2)}
footer .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:2fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;gap:28px}
footer h4{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);margin:0 0 12px;font-weight:600}
footer ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}
footer li{margin-bottom:8px}
footer a{text-decoration:none}
footer .fine{margin-top:32px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;color:var(--ink-3);letter-spacing:.04em}
@media (max-width:820px){footer .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}

/* ARTICLE */
.article-head{padding:clamp(40px,6vw,88px) 0 clamp(28px,4vw,48px);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}
.article-head h1{max-width:22ch}
.article-head .dek{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(1.1rem,1.6vw,1.35rem);line-height:1.45;color:var(--ink-2);max-width:58ch}
.byline{display:flex;gap:18px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);margin-top:22px}
.article-body{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,var(--measure)) 260px;gap:clamp(32px,5vw,80px);padding:clamp(32px,5vw,64px) 0}
@media (max-width:960px){.article-body{grid-template-columns:1fr}.article-body aside{order:-1}}
.prose{font-size:1.06rem;line-height:1.72}
.prose>p:first-of-type::first-letter{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:3.4em;float:left;line-height:.85;padding:.08em .12em 0 0;color:var(--accent)}
.prose h2{margin-top:2.2em;font-size:1.7rem}
.prose h3{margin-top:1.8em}
.prose blockquote{margin:1.6em 0;padding:4px 0 4px 22px;border-left:3px solid var(--accent);font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.4;color:var(--ink)}
.prose blockquote cite{display:block;font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);margin-top:10px;font-style:normal}
.prose sup.ref{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68em;color:var(--accent);margin-left:1px}
.prose sup.ref a{text-decoration:none;color:inherit}
.prose table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.92rem;margin:1.6em 0}
.prose th,.prose td{text-align:left;padding:10px 12px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);vertical-align:top}
.prose th{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);font-weight:600}
.table-scroll{overflow-x:auto}
.callout{background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-left:4px solid var(--accent-2);border-radius:8px;padding:18px 22px;margin:1.8em 0;font-size:.97rem}
.callout .label{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--accent-2);margin-bottom:6px;font-weight:600}
.callout p:last-child{margin:0}
.figure{margin:2em 0;background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:10px;padding:20px}
.figure figcaption{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.7rem;color:var(--ink-3);letter-spacing:.04em;margin-top:12px;line-height:1.5}
.bars{display:grid;gap:10px}
.bar{display:grid;grid-template-columns:150px 1fr 64px;gap:12px;align-items:center;font-size:.86rem}
.bar .track{height:14px;background:var(--paper-2);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden}
.bar .fill{height:100%;background:var(--accent-2);border-radius:3px}
.bar .fill.alt{background:var(--accent)}
.bar .v{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.78rem;text-align:right;color:var(--ink-2)}
@media (max-width:520px){.bar{grid-template-columns:100px 1fr 56px}}
.sources{margin-top:3em;padding-top:1.6em;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);font-size:.86rem;color:var(--ink-2)}
.sources h2{font-size:1.15rem;margin-top:0;font-family:var(--mono);letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:600;color:var(--ink-3)}
.sources ol{padding-left:1.4em;margin:0}
.sources li{margin-bottom:9px;line-height:1.5}
.sources li:target{background:#fff2ea}
.sources a{word-break:break-word}
aside.toc{position:sticky;top:24px;align-self:start;font-size:.88rem}
aside.toc h4{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-3);margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:600}
aside.toc ol{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0 0 26px;border-left:1px solid var(--rule)}
aside.toc li a{display:block;padding:6px 0 6px 14px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink-2);border-left:2px solid transparent;margin-left:-1px}
aside.toc li a:hover{color:var(--accent);border-color:var(--accent)}
.keyfacts{background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:10px;padding:18px}
.keyfacts h4{margin-bottom:12px}
.keyfacts dl{margin:0}
.keyfacts dt{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1;color:var(--ink)}
.keyfacts dd{margin:2px 0 14px;font-size:.82rem;color:var(--ink-2);line-height:1.4}
.keyfacts dd:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.next{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding-top:28px}
.next .cards{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
@media (max-width:600px){.next .cards{grid-template-columns:1fr}}

/* glossary */
.gloss{display:grid;grid-template-columns:200px 1fr;gap:clamp(24px,4vw,64px)}
@media (max-width:820px){.gloss{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
.gloss-nav{position:sticky;top:24px;align-self:start;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px}
.gloss-nav a{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.78rem;text-decoration:none;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;padding:4px 9px;color:var(--ink-2);background:var(--white)}
.gloss-nav a:hover{border-color:var(--accent);color:var(--accent)}
.gloss h2{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.85rem;letter-spacing:.14em;color:var(--accent);margin:2.2em 0 .8em;padding-bottom:6px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}
.gloss h2:first-child{margin-top:0}
.gloss dl{margin:0}
.gloss dt{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.25rem;margin-top:1.2em}
.gloss dt small{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:.68rem;color:var(--ink-3);margin-left:8px;letter-spacing:.06em}
.gloss dd{margin:.35em 0 0;color:var(--ink-2);max-width:var(--measure)}

/* about */
.about-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,var(--measure)) 1fr;gap:clamp(32px,5vw,80px)}
@media (max-width:900px){.about-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
.principles{display:grid;gap:14px}
.principle{background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:10px;padding:18px 20px}
.principle strong{display:block;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.15rem;margin-bottom:4px}
.principle span{font-size:.9rem;color:var(--ink-2)}

/* newsletter page */
.nl-hero{max-width:640px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;padding:clamp(48px,8vw,96px) 0}
.nl-hero form{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;margin-top:28px}
.nl-hero input[type=email]{flex:1;min-width:240px;padding:14px 16px;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:8px;font:inherit;font-size:1rem;background:var(--white)}
.nl-hero .what{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:48px;text-align:left}
.nl-hero .what div{background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:10px;padding:16px;font-size:.9rem;color:var(--ink-2)}
.nl-hero .what strong{display:block;color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.05rem;margin-bottom:4px}
@media (max-width:640px){.nl-hero .what{grid-template-columns:1fr}}
.thanks{display:none;background:var(--white);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:10px;padding:24px;margin-top:20px}
@media (max-width:760px){.brand{font-size:1.05rem}.brand small{display:none}}